lectures on the science of language 46

lectures on the science of language 46

The Science of Language thus leads us up to that highest summit from

whence we see into the very dawn of man’s life on earth; and where the

words which we have heard so often from the days of our childhood—“And the

whole earth was of one language and of one speech”—assume a meaning more

natural, more intelligible, more convincing, than they ever had before.

 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

 

And now in concluding this course of Lectures, I have only to express my

regret that the sketch of the Science of Language which I endeavored to

place before you, was necessarily so very slight and imperfect. There are

many points which I could not touch at all, many which I could only allude

to: there is hardly one to which I could do full justice. Still I feel

grateful to the President and the Council of this Institution for having

given me an opportunity of claiming some share of public sympathy for a

science which I believe has a great future in store; and I shall be

pleased, if, among those who have done me the honor of attending these

Lectures, I have excited, though I could not have satisfied, some

curiosity as to the strata which underlie the language on which we stand

and walk; and as to the elements which enter into the composition of the

very granite of our thoughts.

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX.

 

 

[Transcriber’s Note: The Appendix contains genealogical tables of the

language families. In the original, they were displayed as wide landscape

pages, which could not be rendered effectively in e-book format. The

information in them has been reproduced here in textual paragraphs.]

 

No. 1. Genealogical Table of the Aryan Family of Languages.

 

The Aryan Family consists of two Divisions: The Southern Division, and the

Norther Division.

 

The Southern Division consists of two Classes: the Indic and Iranic.

 

The Indic Class consists of the dead languages Prakrit and Pali, Modern

Sanskrit, and Vedic Sanskrit, and the modern Dialects of India, and the

Dialects of the Gipsies.

 

The Iranic Class consists of the dead languages Parsi, Pehlevi, Cuneiform

Inscriptions, Zend, and Old Armenian; the the living languages of Persia,

Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Bokhara, Armenia, and Ossethi.

 

The Northern Division consists of six Classes: Celtic, Italic, Illyric,

Hellenic, Windic, and Teutonic.

 

The Celtic Class consists of two Branches: Cymric and Gadhelic.

 

The Cymric Branch consists of the dead language Cornish, and the living

languages of Wales and Brittany.

 

The Gadhelic Branch consists of the living languages of Scotland, Ireland,

and Man.

 

The Italic Class consists of the dead languages Oscan, Latin, and Umbrian,

together called Lingua Vulgaris, or Langue d’oc and Langue d’oil, and the

living languages of Portugal, Spain, Provençe, France, and Italy.

 

The Illyric Class consists of the living languages of Wallachia, the

Grisons, and Albania.

 

The Hellenic Class consists of the dead Κοινή languages, Doric, Æolic,

Attic, and Ionic, and the living language of Greece.

 

The Windic Class consists of three Branches: Lettic, South-East Slavonic,

and West Slavonic.

 

The Lettic Branch consists of the dead language Old Prussian, and the

living languages of Lithuania, Kurland and Livonia (Lettish).

 

The South-East Slavonic Branch consists of the dead language

Ecclesiastical Slavonic, and the living languages of Bulgaria, Russia

(Great, Little, White Russian), Illyria (Slovenian, Croatian, Servian).

 

The West Slavonic Branch consists of the dead languages Old Bohemian and

Pelabian, and the living languages of Poland, Bohemian (Slovakian), and

Lusatia.

 

The Teutonic Class consists of three branches: High-German, Low-German,

and Scandinavian.

 

The High-German Branch consists of the dead languages Middle High-German

Old High-German, and the living language of Germany.

 

The Low-German Branch consists of the dead languages Gothic, Anglo-Saxon,

Old Dutch, Old Friesian, and Old Saxon, and the living languages of

England, Holland, Friesland, and North of Germany (Platt-Deutsch).

 

The Scandinavian Branch consists of the dead language Old Norse, and the

living languages of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland.

 

No. 2. Genealogical Table of the Semitic Family of Languages.

 

The Semitic Family Family consists of three Classes: the Arabic or

Southern, the Hebraic or Middle, and the Aramaic or Northern.

 

The Arabic or Southern Class consists of the dead languages Ethiopic and

the Himyaritic Inscriptions, and the living languages of Arabic and

Amharic.

 

The Hebraic or Middle Class consists of the dead languages Biblical

Hebrew, the Samaritan Pentateuch (third century, A. D.), the Carthaginian,

Phœnician Inscriptions, and the living language of the Jews.

 

The Aramaic or Northern Class consists of the dead languages Chaldee

(Masora, Talmud, Targum, Biblical Chaldee), Syriac (Peshito, second cent.

A. D.), Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylon and Nineveh, and the living

language Neo-Syriac.

 

No. 3. Genealogical Table of the Turanian Family of Languages, Northern

Division.

 

The Northern Division of the Turanian Family consists of five Classes: the

Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Samoyedic, and Finnic (Uralic).

 

The Tungusic Class consists of two Branches: Western and Eastern.

 

The Western Branch consists of the languages of the Chapogires (Upper

Tunguska), Orotongs (Lower Tunguska), and the People of Nyertchinsk.

 

The Eastern Branch consists of the languages of the Lamutes (Coast of

O’hotsk) and Mandshu (China).

 

The Mongolic Class consists of three Branches: Eastern or Mongols Proper,

Western Mongols, and Northern Mongols.

 

The Eastern or Mongols Proper Class consists of the languages of the

Sharra-Mongols (South of Gobi), Khalkhas (North of Gobi), and Sharaigol

(Tibet and Tangut).

 

The Western Mongols Class consists of the languages of the Chosot

(Kokonúr), Dsungur, Torgod, Dürbet, Aimaks (tribes of Persia), and Sokpas

(Tibet).

 

The Northern Mongols Class consists of the language of the Buritäs (Lake

Baikal).

 

The Turkic Class consists of three Branches: Chagatic, S. E., Turkic, N.,

and Turkic, W.

 

The Chagatic Branch consists of the languages of the Uigurs, Komans,

Chagatais, Usbeks, Turkomans, and People of Kasan.

 

The N. Turkic Branch consists of the languages of the Kirgis, Bashkirs,

Nogais, Kumians, Karachais, Karakalpaks, Meshcheryäks, People of Siberia,

and Yakuts.

 

The W. Turkic Branch consists of the languages of the People of Derbend,

Aderbijan, Krimea, Anatolia, and Rumelia.

 

The Samoyedic Class consists of two Branches: Northern and Eastern.

 

The Northern Branch consists of the languages of the Yurazes, Tawgi, and

Yenisei.

 

The Eastern Branch consists of the languages of the Ostiako-Samoyedes, and

the Kamas.

 

The Finnic (Uralic) Class consists of four Branches: Ugric, Bulgaric,

Permic, and Chudic.

 

The Ugric Branch consists of the languages of the Hungarians, Voguls, and

Ugro-Ostiakes.

 

The Bulgaric Branch consists of the languages of the Tcheremissians and

Mordvins.

 

The Permic Branch consists of the languages of the Permians, Sirianes, and

Votiaks.

 

The Chudic Branch consists of the languages of the Lapps, Finns, and

Esths.

 

No. 4. Genealogical Table of the Turanian Family of Languages, Southern

Division.

 

The Southern Division of the Turanian Family consists of six Classes: the

Taïc, Malaic, Gangetic, Lohitic, Munda (See Turanian Languages, p. 175),

and Tamulic.

 

The Taïc Class consists of the languages of Ahom, Laos, Khamti, and Shan

(Tenasserim).

 

The Malaic Class consists of the languages of the Malay and Polynesian

Islands. (See Humboldt, Kavi Sprache.)

 

The Gangetic Class consists of two Branches: the Trans-Himalayan, and the

Sub-Himalayan.

 

The Trans-Himalayan Branch consists of the languages Tibetan, Horpa (N.W.

Tibet, Bucharia), Thochu-Sifan (N.E. Tibet, China), Gyarung-Sifan (N.E.

Tibet, China), Manyak-Sifan (N.E. Tibet, China), and Takpa (West of

Kwombo).

 

The Sub-Himalayan Branch consists of the languages Kenaveri (Setlej

basin), Sarpa (West of Gandakéan basin), Sunwár (Gandakéan basin), Gurung

(Gandakéan basin), Magar (Gandakéan basin), Newár (between Gandakéan and

Koséan basins), Murmi (between Gandakéan and Koséan basins), Limbú (Koséan

basin), Kiranti (Koséan basin), Lepcha (Tishtéan basin), Bhutanese

(Manaséan basin), and Chepang (Nepal-Terai).