History of Ancient Pottery 5
URLICHS (C. L. VON). _Der Vasenmaler Brygos und die ruland’sche
Münzsammlung._ Würzburg, 1875, fol.
—— _Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte._ Leipzig, 1884, 8vo. See also
Würzburg.
USSING (J.). _De nominibus vasorum graecorum disputatio._ Copenhagen,
1844.
_Vienna._ _Die Sammlung antiker Vasen und Terracotten im k. k.
Oesterreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie_, by K. MASNER.
Vienna, 1892. With plates.
VOGEL (K. J.). _Scenen euripideischer Tragödien in griechischen
Vasengemälden._ Leipzig, 1886.
_Vorlegeblätter für archäologische Übungen._ Vienna, 1869–91, fol.
Plates without text. Series i.–viii. 1869–75, _ed._ A. Conze
(chiefly R.F. kylikes, by Euphronios, Hieron, Duris). Series A-E,
1879–86, _ed._ O. Benndorf (chiefly R.F. kylikes). Third series,
1888–91 (3 vols.), _ed._ Benndorf and others (chiefly signed B.F.
vases). (_Wiener Vorl._)
WALLIS (H.). _Pictures from Greek Vases. The White Athenian lekythi._
London, 1896.
WALTERS (H. B.). See British Museum.
WATZINGER (C). _De vasculis pictis tarentinis capita selecta._
Darmstadt, 1899, 8vo.
WELCKER (F. G.). _Alte Denkmäler._ 5 vols, and atlas. Göttingen,
1849–64.
WERNICKE (K.). _Die griechischen Vasen mit Lieblingsnamen._ Berlin,
1890.
—— and GRAEF (B.). _Denkmäler der antiken Kunst._ Leipzig, 1899, etc.
In progress. A new edition of Müller and Wieseler’s well-known
work. Text and atlas.
WESTROPP (H. M.). _Epochs of painted vases, an introduction to their
study._ London, 1856.
WILISCH (E. G.). _Die altkorinthische Thonindustrie._ Leipzig, 1892.
WINKLER (A.). _De inferorum in vasis Italiae inferioris
repraesentationibus._ Breslau, 1888, 8vo.
WINNEFELD (H.). See Karlsruhe.
WINTER (F.). _Die jüngeren attischen Vasen_ und ihr Verhaltniss zur
grossen Kunst. Berlin, 1885.
WITTE (J. J. A. M. DE, BARON). _Description des antiquités et objects
d’art qui composent le cabinet de feu M. E. Durand._ Paris, 1836,
8vo.
—— _Description d’une collection de vases peints et bronzes antiques_
provenant des fouilles de l’Étrurie. Paris, 1837, 8vo. [Another
edition, 1857.]
—— _Noms des fabricants et dessinateurs de vases peints._ Paris, 1848,
8vo.
—— _Études sur les vases peints._ Paris, 1865, 8vo. (Extract from the
_Gazette des Beaux-Arts_.)
—— _Description des collections d’antiquités conservées à l’Hôtel
Lambert_ (the Czartoryski collection). Paris, 1886, 4to. (_Coll. à
l’Hôtel Lambert._) See also Lenormant.
_Würzburg._ _Verzeichniss der Antikensammlung der Universität
Würzburg_, by C. L. VON URLICHS. 1865–72, 8vo.
ZANNONI (A.). _Gli Scavi della Certosa di Bologna._ 2 vols., text and
plates. Bologna, 1876, fol. (An account of excavations at Bologna;
many illustrations of tombs and Greek vases.)
PART III
TERRACOTTAS
_Athens._ See Martha.
_Berlin Museum._ _Ausgewählte griechische Terrakotten_ im Antiquarium
des königliches Museum zu Berlin, herausgegeben von der
Generalverwaltung. Berlin, 1903. See also Panofka.
BLÜMNER (H.). _Technologie und Terminologie._ See above, p.xxi. Vol.
ii. deals with method of working in clay (Thonplastik, p. 113 ff.).
BORRMANN (R.). _Die Keramik in der Baukunst._ Durm’s _Handbuch der
Architektur_, part i. vol. 4. Stuttgart, 1897. On the use of
terracotta in classical architecture. See also Dörpfeld.
_British Museum._ _Terracotta Sarcophagi_, by A. S. Murray. London,
1898. See above, p. xxii.
—— _Catalogue of the Terracottas in the British Museum_, by H. B.
Walters. London, 1903. See also Combe.
CAMPANA (G. P.). _Antiche opere in plastica._ Rome, 1842–52, fol. Text
incomplete; plates of architectural terracottas of the Roman period.
COMBE (TAYLOR). _A description of the collection of ancient Terracottas
in the British Museum._ London, 1810. Describes the Towneley
figures and mural reliefs.
DAREMBERG (C.), SAGLIO (E.), and POTTIER (E.). _Dictionnaire des
Antiquités._ See above, p. xxiii. The article _Figlinum_ in vol.
ii. will be found useful.
DÖRPFELD (W.), GRAEBER (F.), BORRMANN (R.), and SIEBOLD (K.). _Über die
Verwendung von Terrakotten_ am Geison und Dache in griechischen
Bauwerke, (_41tes Winckelmannsfestprogr._) Berlin, 1881. (On
terracotta in architecture.)
FURTWAENGLER (A.). _Collection Sabouroff._ See above, p. xxiv. Vol. ii.
contains plates of Tanagra figures, with useful text to each.
HEUZEY (L.). _Les Figurines antiques de terre cuite du Musée du
Louvre._ Paris, 1883, 4to. Plates, with brief text.
—— _Catalogue des figurines antiques de terre cuite du Musée du
Louvre._ Vol. i. Paris, 1891. Deals with archaic terracottas
(Rhodes and Cyprus). No more published.
HUISH (M. B.). _Greek Terracotta Statuettes_, their origin, evolution,
and uses. London, 1900. (The plates include some doubtful
specimens.)
HUTTON (MISS C.A.). _Greek Terracotta Statuettes._ (_Portfolio_
monograph, No. 49.) London, 1899. An excellent _résumé_ of the
subject, with good illustrations.
KEKULÉ (R., now KEKULE VON STRADONITZ). _Griechische Thonfiguren aus
Tanagra._ Stuttgart, 1878, fol.
—— _Die antiken Terracotten_, im Auftrag des archäologischen Institutes
des deutschen Reichs, herausgegeben von R. K. Stuttgart, 1880,
etc., fol. In progress.
Vol. i. _Terracotten von Pompeii_, by A. VON ROHDEN. 1880. Chiefly
architectural.
Vol. ii. _Terracotten von Sicilien_, by R. KEKULÉ. 1884.
Vol. iii. _Typen der griechischen Terrakotten_, by F. WINTER. 1903.
In two parts. A _Corpus_ of all known types of terracotta
statuettes, with numerous illustrations and other useful
information.
MARTHA (J.). _Catalogue des Figurines en terre cuite du Musée de la
Société Archéologique d’Athènes._ Paris, 1880, 8vo. (Bibliothèque
des Écoles françaises, Fasc. 16.)
MINERVINI (G.). _Terre cotte del Museo Campano._ Vol. i. Naples, 1880.
Illustrations of architectural terracottas.
PANOFKA (T.). _Terracotten des königlichen Museums zu Berlin._ Berlin,
1842, 4to.
PARIS (P.). _Élatée_, la ville, le Temple d’Athéna Cranaia. Paris,
1892. (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises, Fasc. 60.) Contains some
useful information on the subject.
POTTIER (E.). _Les Statuettes de Terre Cuite dans l’Antiquité._ Paris,
1890. (Bibliothèque des Merveilles.)
POTTIER (E.) and REINACH (S.). _La Nécropole de Myrina._ 2 vols., text
and plates. Paris, 1887.
ROHDEN (H. VON). See Kekulé.
SCHÖNE (R.). _Griechische Reliefs aus athenischen Sammlungen_,
herausgegeben von R. S. Leipzig, 1872, fol. Illustration and
discussion of the “Melian” reliefs (see pls. 30–34).
WINTER (F.). See Kekulé.
PART IV
ROMAN POTTERY
ARTIS (E. T.). _The Durobrivae of Antoninus_ identified and
illustrated. London, 1828, fol. Plates only; for accompanying text
(by C. Roach-Smith) see _Journ. of Brit. Arch. Assoc._ i. p. 1 ff.
Deals with pottery and kilns of Castor and neighbourhood.
BLANCHET (A.). _Mélanges d’Archéologie gallo-romaine_, ii. Paris, 1902,
8vo. (Lists of potteries in Gaul on p. 90 ff.)
BLÜMNER (H.). _Technologie und Terminologie_, etc. See above, p. xxi.
BRONGNIART (A.). _Traité de la Céramique._ See above, p. xxii.
BUCKMAN (J.) and NEWMARCH (C. H.). _Illustrations of the remains of
Roman Art in Cirencester, the ancient Corinium._ London and
Cirencester, 1850, 4to. (Now somewhat out of date.)
CAUMONT (A. DE). _Cours d’antiquités monumentales_; histoire de l’art
dans l’Ouest de la France. 6 vols. Paris and Caen, 1830–41, 8vo,
with atlas in oblong 4to.
CHOISY (A.). _L'Art de Bâtir chez les Romains._ Paris, 1873, 4to. (For
the use of bricks and tiles.)
_Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum._ Berlin, 1863, etc., fol. In progress.
The portions of the published volumes giving the inscriptions on
vases, tiles, and lamps, under the heading _Instrumentum
Domesticum_, are invaluable, especially vol. xv. (by H. Dressel)
relating to Rome. (_C.I.L._)
DÉCHELETTE (J.). _Les Vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine_
(Narbonnaise, Aquitaine, et Lyonnaise). 2 vols. Paris, 1904, 4to.
An invaluable survey of the pottery of Central and Southern Gaul,
with much new material. (Déchelette.)
FABRONI (A.). _Storia degli antichi vasi fittili aretini._ Arezzo,
1841, 8vo. (On the Arretine wares.)
_Guildhall Museum._ See London.
HÖLDER (O.). _Formen der römische Thongefässe, diesseits und jenseits
der Alpen._ Stuttgart, 1897, 8vo.
KOENEN (K.). _Gefässkunde der vorrömischen, römischen, und frankischen
Zeit in den Rheinlanden._ Bonn, 1895, 8vo.
_London_ (Guildhall Museum). _Catalogue of the Collection of London
Antiquities_ in the Guildhall Museum. London, 1903, 8vo.
—— (Museum of Practical Geology). _Handbook to the collection of
British Pottery and Porcelain_ in the Museum. London, 1893, 8vo.
MARINI (G.). _Iscrizioni antiche doliari_, edited by G. B. de Rossi and
H. Dressel. Rome, 1884, 4to.
MARQUARDT (J.). _Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer_ (with T. MOMMSEN).
Bd. vii., Privatalterthümer. Leipzig, 1879–82, 8vo. See p. 616 ff.
for Roman pottery.
MAZARD (H. A.). _De la connaissance par les anciens des glaçures
plombifères._ Paris, 1879, 8vo. (On the enamelled Roman wares
described in Vol. I. p. 129.)
MIDDLETON (J. H.). _The Remains of Ancient Rome._ 2 vols. London, 1892,
8vo. (On the use of bricks and tiles at Rome.)
PLICQUE (A. E.). _Étude de Céramique arverno-romaine._ Caen, 1887, 8vo.
(On the potteries of Lezoux.)
ROACH-SMITH (C). _Collectanea Antiqua_; etchings and notices of ancient
remains, etc. 7 vols. London, 1848–80, 8vo. Useful for records of
discoveries of Roman remains in Gaul and Britain.
—— _Illustrations of Roman London._ London, 1859, 4to.
STEINER (J. W. C). _Codex Inscriptionum Romanarum Danubii et Rheni._ 4
vols. Darmstadt, etc., 1851–61, 8vo. Contains many inscriptions on
pottery and tiles not as yet published in the C.I.L.
_Victoria County History of England_, ed. by W. PAGE, etc. In progress.
London, 1900, etc. Articles in the first volume of each separate
county history, by F. HAVERFIELD, dealing with all known Roman
remains. Those of Northants and Hampshire are especially useful and
complete.
WRIGHT (T.). _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon._ Fourth edn., 1885.
Still useful as a summary of Roman Britain, though out of date and
inaccurate in many particulars.
----------
Reference should also be made to the _Bonner Jahrbücher_ (see above, p.
xix), especially to the treatise by Dragendorff in vol. xcvi., and
for German pottery to Von Hefner’s article in _Oberbayrische Archiv
für vaterlandische Geschichte_, xxii. (1863), p. 1 ff.
For Bibliography of Roman Lamps, see heading to Chapter XX.
----------
NOTE ON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK
B.F. = Black-figured vases.
R.F. = Red-figured vases.
B.M. = British Museum.
Reinach = Reinach’s _Répertoire des Vases_ (see Bibliography).
In the cases where particular vases are cited, as in Chapters XII.-XV.,
the name of the museum is given with the catalogue number attached, as
B.M. B 1; Louvre G 2; Berlin 2000, etc. The vases in the Vatican Museum
at Rome are quoted as Helbig, 1, 2, 3, etc. (see Bibliography, under
_Rome_).
All other abbreviations will be found in the Bibliography.
PART I
GREEK POTTERY IN GENERAL
CHAPTER I
_INTRODUCTORY_
Importance of study of ancient monuments—Value of pottery as
evidence of early civilisation—Invention of the art—Use of brick
in Babylonia—The potter’s wheel—Enamel and glazes—Earliest Greek
pottery—Use of study of vases—Ethnological, historical,
mythological, and artistic aspects—Earliest writings on the
subject—The “Etruscan” theory—History of the study of Greek
vases—Artistic, epexegetic, and historical methods—The
vase-collections of Europe and their history—List of existing
collections.
The present age is above all an age of Discovery. The thirst for
knowledge manifests itself in all directions—theological, scientific,
geographical, historical, and antiquarian. The handiwork of Nature and
of Man alike are called upon to yield up their secrets to satisfy the
universal demand which has arisen from the spread of education and the
ever-increasing desire for culture which is one of the characteristics
of the present day. And though, perhaps, the science of Archaeology
does not command as many adherents as other branches of learning, there
is still a very general desire to enquire into the records of the past,
to learn what we can of the methods of our forefathers, and to trace
the influence of their writings or other evidences of their existence
on succeeding ages.
To many of us what is known as a classical education seems perhaps in
these utilitarian times somewhat antiquated and unnecessary, but at the
same time “the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome”
have not lost their interest for us, and can awaken responsive chords
in most of our hearts. Nor can we ever be quite forgetful of the debt
that we owe to those nations in almost every branch of human learning
and industry. To take the most patent instance of all, that of our
language, it is not too much to say that nearly every word is either
directly derived from a classical source or can be shown to have
etymological affinities with either of the two ancient tongues. Nor is
it necessary to pursue illustrations further. We need only point to the
evidences of classical influence on modern literature, modern
philosophy, and modern political and social institutions, to indicate
how our civilisation is permeated and saturated with the results of
ancient ideas and thoughts. The man of science has recourse to Greek or
Latin for his nomenclature; the scholar employs Latin as the most
appropriate vehicle for criticism; and modern architecture was for a
long time only a revival (whether successful or not) of the principles
and achievements of the classical genius.
Now, those who would pursue the study of a nation’s history cannot be
content with the mere perusal of such literary records as it may have
left behind. It needs brief consideration to realise that this leaves
us equipped with very little real knowledge of an ancient race,
inasmuch as the range of literature is necessarily limited, and deals
with only a few sides of the national character: its military history,
its political constitution, or its intellectual and philosophical
bent—in short, its external and public life alone. He who would
thoroughly investigate the history of a nation instinctively desires
something more; he will seek to gain a comprehensive acquaintance with
its social life, its religious beliefs, its artistic and intellectual
attainments, and generally to estimate the extent of its culture and
civilisation. But to do this it is necessary not only to be thoroughly
conversant with its literary and historical records, but to turn
attention also to its _monuments_. It need hardly be said that the word
“monument” is here used in the quasi-technical sense current among
archaeologists (witness the German use of the word _Denkmäler_), and
that it must bear here a much wider signification than is generally
accorded to it nowadays. It may, in fact, be applied to any object
which has come down to us as a memorial and evidence of a nation’s
productive capacity or as an illustration of its social or political
life. The student of antiquity can adopt no better motto than the
familiar line of Terence:
Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.
For the very humblest product of the human brain or hand, a potsherd or
a few letters scratched on a stone, may throw the most instructive
light on the history of a race.
In no instance is this better seen than in the case of Assyria, where
almost all that we know of that great and wonderful people is derived
from the cuneiform inscriptions scratched on tablets of baked clay. Or,
again, we may cite the stone and bronze implements of the primitive
peoples of Europe as another instance where “the weak and base things
of the world and the things that are despised” have thrown floods of
light on the condition of things in a period about which we should have
been completely in the dark so long as we looked only to literary
records for our information. Nothing is so common that it may be
overlooked, and we may learn more from a humble implement in daily use
than from the finest product of a poetic or artistic intellect, if we
are really desirous of obtaining an intimate acquaintance with the
domestic life of a people.
Among the simplest yet most necessary adjuncts of a developing
civilisation Pottery may be recognised as one of the most universal.
The very earliest and rudest remains of any people generally take the
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