Man and the Glacial Period 3
[Footnote AC: American Anthropologist, vol. vi, p. 94: repeated by Mr.
McGee in the Literary Northwest, vol. ii, p. 276.]
[Footnote AD: The Popular Science Monthly, vol. xlii, p. 773.]
[Footnote AE: Ibid., vol. xliii, pp. 322, 323.]
Thus it appears that Major Powell has made no such statement, at least
in public, as Mr. McGee attributes to him. It should be said, also, that
Major Powell's memory is very much at fault when he affirms that there
is a close resemblance between this figurine and some of the children's
playthings among the Pocatello Indians. On the contrary, it would have
been even more of a surprise to find it in the hands of these children
than to find it among the prehistoric deposits on the Pacific coast.
To most well-informed people it is sufficient to know that no less
high authorities than Mr. Charles Francis Adams and Mr. G. M. Gumming,
General Manager for the Union Pacific line for that district, carefully
investigated the evidence at the time of the discovery, and, knowing
the parties, were entirely satisfied with its sufficiency. It was
also subjected to careful examination by Professor F. W. Putnam, who
discerned, in a deposit of an oxide of iron on various parts of the
image, indubitable evidence that it was a relic which had lain for a long
time in some such condition as was assigned to it in the bottom of the
well--all of which is detailed in the papers referred to below, on page
297.
Finally, the discovery, both in its character and conditions, is in so
many respects analogous to those made under Table Mountain, near Sonora,
Cal. (described on pages 294-297), that the evidence of one locality adds
cumulative force to that of the other. The strata underneath the lava in
which these objects were found are all indirectly, but pretty certainly,
connected with the Glacial period.[AF] No student of glacial archæology,
therefore, can hereafter afford to disregard these facts from the Pacific
coast.
[Footnote AF: See below, p. 349.]
Oberlin, Ohio, _June 2, 1894_.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
The wide interest manifested in my treatise upon The Ice Age in North
America and its Bearing upon the Antiquity of Man (of which a third
edition was issued a year ago), seemed to indicate the desirability of
providing for the public a smaller volume discussing the broader question
of man's entire relation to the Glacial period in Europe as well as in
America. When the demand for such a volume became evident, I set about
preparing for the task by spending, first, a season in special study
of the lava-beds of the Pacific coast, whose relations to the Glacial
period and to man's antiquity are of such great interest; and, secondly,
a summer in Europe, to enable me to compare the facts bearing upon the
subject on both continents.
Of course, the chapters of the present volume relating to America cover
much of the same ground gone over in the previous treatise; but the
matter has been entirely rewritten and very much condensed, so as to give
due proportions to all parts of the subject. It will interest some to
know that most of the new material in this volume was first wrought over
in my second course of Lowell Institute Lectures, given in Boston during
the month of March last.
I am under great obligations to Mr. Charles Francis Adams for his aid in
prosecuting investigations upon the Pacific coast of America; and also to
Dr. H. W. Crosskey, of Birmingham, England, and to Mr. G. W. Lamplugh,
of Bridlington, as well as to Mr. C. E. De Rance and Mr. Clement Reid,
of the British Geological Survey, besides many others in England who
have facilitated my investigations; but pre-eminently to Prof. Percy F.
Kendall, of Stockport, who consented to prepare for me the portion of
Chapter VI which relates to the glacial phenomena of the British Isles. I
have no doubt of the general correctness of the views maintained by him,
and little doubt, also, that his clear and forcible presentation of the
facts will bring about what is scarcely less than a revolution in the
views generally prevalent relating to the subject of which he treats.
For the glacial facts relating to France and Switzerland I am indebted
largely to M. Falsan's valuable compendium, La Période Glaciaire.
It goes without saying, also, that I am under the deepest obligation
to the works of Prof. James Geikie upon The Great Ice Age and upon
Prehistoric Europe, and to the remarkable volume of the late Mr. James
Croll upon Climate and Time, as well as to the recent comprehensive
geological treatises of Sir Archibald Geikie and Prof. Prestwich.
Finally, I would express my gratitude for the great courtesy of Prof.
Fraipont, of Liége, in assisting me to an appreciation of the facts
relating to the late remarkable discovery of two entire skeletons of
Paleolithic man in the grotto of Spy.
Comparative completeness is also given to the volume by the appendix on
the question of man's existence during the Tertiary period, prepared by
the competent hand of Prof. Henry W. Haynes, of Boston.
I trust this brief treatise will be useful not only in _interesting_
the general public, but in giving a clear view of the present state of
progress in one department of the inquiries concerning man's antiquity.
If the conclusions reached are not as positive as could be wished, still
it is both desirable and important to see what degree of indefiniteness
rests upon the subject, in order that rash speculations may be avoided
and future investigations directed in profitable lines.
G. Frederick Wright.
Oberlin, Ohio, _May 1, 1892_.
CONTENTS.
PAGES
CHAPTER I.
Introductory 1-8
CHAPTER II.
Existing Glaciers 9-42
In Europe; in Asia; in Oceanica; in South America;
on the Antarctic Continent; in North America.
CHAPTER III.
Glacial Motion 43-50
CHAPTER IV.
Signs of Past Glaciation 51-65
CHAPTER V.
Ancient Glaciers in the Western Hemisphere 66-128
New England; New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania;
the Mississippi Basin; west of the Rocky Mountains.
CHAPTER VI.
Ancient Glaciers in the Eastern Hemisphere 129-192
Central and Southern Europe; the British Isles--the
Preglacial Level of the Land, the Great Glacial Centres,
the Confluent Glaciers, the East Anglian Glacier,
the so-called Great Submergence; Northern Europe;
Asia; Africa.
CHAPTER VII.
Drainage Systems in the Glacial Period 193-241
In America--Preglacial Erosion, Buried Outlets and
Channels, Ice-dams, Ancient River Terraces; in Europe.
CHAPTER VIII.
Relics of Man in the Glacial Period 242-301
In Glacial Terraces of the United States; in Glacial
Terraces of Europe; in Cave Deposits in the British
Isles; in Cave Deposits on the Continent; Extinct
Animals associated with Man; Earliest Man on the
Pacific Coast of North America.
CHAPTER IX.
The Cause of the Glacial Period 302-331
CHAPTER X.
The Date of the Glacial Period 332-364
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