48. The Master said \ ' The superior man does not confine
himself to praising men with his words ; and so the people prove loyal to
him. Thus, when he asks about men who are suffering from cold, he
clothes them ; or men who are suffering from want, he feeds them ; and
when he praises a man's good qualities, he (goes on to) confer rank on him.
It
1 With this commences the 7th section of the Book, but it com-
mences irregularly with ' the Master said,' instead of ' The words of
the Master were;' see note above, on page 344.
BK. XXIX. PIAO
A'!.
349
is said in the Lessons from the States
(I, xiv, ode i, 3),
" I grieve ; would they but lodge with me ! " '
49. The Master said, ' Dissatisfaction and calamity will come to him
whose lip-kindness is not followed by the corresponding deeds. Therefore the
superior man will rather incur the resentment arising from his refusal
than the charge of promising (and then not fulfilling). It is said in the
Lessons from the States (V, ode 4, 6),
" I wildly go ; I'll never
know
Its smiles and chat ao-ain, To me you clearly swore the faith,
Which now to break you're fain. Could I foresee so false you'd be ?
And now regrets are vain.'"
50. The Master said, ' The superior
man is not affectionate to others with his countenance (merely) as if,
while cold in feeling, he could assume the appearance of affection. That
belongs to the small man, and stamps him as no better than the thief who
makes a hole in the wall.'
51. The Master said, ' What is required in
feeling is sincerity ; in words, that they be susceptible of proof 1 .'
52. These were the words of the Master : — ' The ancient and
intelligent kings of the three dynasties all served the Spiritual
Intelligences of heaven and earth, but invariably used the tortoise-shell
and divining stalks. They did not presume to employ their own private
judgment in the service of God.
1 Here ends the 7th section,
showing how the superior man strives to be sincere in his words and looks.
;50 THE LI Kl. bk. xxix.
In this way they did
not transgress in the matter of the day or month, for they did not act
contrary to the result of the divination. The tortoise and the shell
were not consulted in succession on the same
point.
53. ' For
the great (sacrificial) services there were (fixed) seasons and days ; for
the smaller services these were not fixed. They fixed them by divi-
nation (near the time). (In divining) about external affairs they used
the odd days ; and for internal affairs, the even. They did not go against
the (intimations of the) tortoise-shell and stalks.'
54. The Master
said, 'With the victims perfect, the proper ceremonies and music, and the
vessels of grain, (they sacrificed) ; and thus no injury was received
from the Spiritual Powers, and the people had no occasion for
dissatisfaction.'
55. The Master said, ' The sacrifices of Hau Ki
were easily provided. His language was reverential; his desires were
restricted ; and the blessings re- ceived extended down to his descendants.
It is said in the Book of Poetry (III, ii, ode 1, 8),
"Hau Ki
founded the sacrifice ; No one has failed in it, Down to the present
day." '
56. The Master said, ' The shell and stalks em- ployed by
the great men 1 must be held in awe and reverence. But the son of Heaven
does not divine by the stalks. While the princes are keeping guard in
their states, they divine by the stalks. When the son of Heaven is on the
road (travelling), he (also) divines by the stalks. In any other state but
their
1 The king and feudal lords.
BK. XXIX.
PIAO A'f.
35
own they do not divine by the
stalks. They consult the tortoise-shell about the chambers and apart-
ments of the houses (where they lodge). The son of Heaven does not so
consult the tortoise-shell ; he stays always in the grand ancestral
temples.'
57. The Master said, 'The men of rank, on occasions of
special respect, use their sacrificial vessels. On this account they do not
fail to observe the set seasons and days, and do not act contrary to the
intimations of the shell and stalks ; thus seeking to serve with reverence
the ruler and their superiors. In this way superiors are not trouble-
some to the people, and the people do not take liberties with their
superiors 1 .'
1 Paragraphs 52 to 57 from the last section of the Book.
They are not so interesting as the previous sections, nor do they hang
closely together. ' The section,' say the K/iien-lung editors, ' treats
of the two methods of divination, and also of reverence. Reverence is
the subject of the first section, and here again it occurs in the end of the
Treatise. Reverence is the beginning and end of the learning of the superior
man.'
BOOK XXX. 3ZE 1
OR THE BLACK ROBES'.
1. These were the words of the Master 2 : — ' When the superior is
easily served, his inferiors are easily known 3 , and in this case
punishments are not numerous (in the state).'
2. The Master said,
'When (the superior) loves the worthy as (the people of old loved him of)
the black robes (Shih, I, vii, ode i), and hates the bad as Hsiang-po
(hated them; — II, v, ode 6), then without the frequent conferring of rank
the people are stimulated to be good, and without the use of punishments
they are all obedient to his orders. It is said in the Ta Ya (III, i, ode i,
7),
" From Wan your pattern you must draw, And all the states will
own your law."
3. The Master said, ' If the people be taught by
lessons of virtue, and uniformity sought to be given to them by the
rules of ceremony, their minds will go on to be good. If they be taught by
the laws, and uniformity be sought to be given to them by punishments,
their minds will be thinking of how
1 See the introductory notice, vol.
xxvii, pp. 45, 46.
2 Thus the Book begins as if it were another section
of the pre- ceding Treatise.
3 They are 'easily known/ there being
nothing in the ruler's method to make them deceitful.
bk.
xxx. 3ze i. 353
they can escape (the punishment ; — Analects, II, iii).
Hence, when the ruler of the people loves them as his sons, they feel to
him as a parent; when he binds them to himself by his good faith, they do
not turn away from him ; when he presides over them with courtesy, their
hearts are docile to him. It is said in the Punishments of Fu (Shu, V,
xxvii, 3), "Among the people of Miao they did not use orders simply, but
the restraints of punishment. They made the five punishments engines of
oppression, calling them the laws." In this way their people became bad, and
(their rulers) were cut off for ever (from the land).'
4. The Master
said, ' Inferiors, in serving their superiors, do not follow what they
command, but what they do. When a ruler loves anything, those below him
are sure to do so much more. There- fore the superior should by all means be
careful in what he likes and dislikes. This will make him an example to
the people V
5. The Master said, ' When Yu had been on the throne
three years, the humanity of the common people was in accordance with his ;
— was it necessary that all (at court) should be perfectly virtuous ? It is
said in the Book of Poetry (II, v, ode 7, 1),
" Awe-inspiring are
you, O (Grand-) Master Yin, And the people all look up to you." It is
said in the Punishments of Fu (V, xxvii, 13), "I, the One man, will have
felicity, and the millions of the people will look to you as their sure
dependence." It is said in the Ta Ya (III, i, ode 9, 3),
1 This again looks very much as if this Treatise were a continu-
ation of the last.
[28] A a
154 THE L ^ kI
BK. XXX.
" King Wu secured the people's faith,
And gave to all the law." '
6. The Master said, 'When superiors are
fond of showing theirhumanity, inferiors strive to outstrip one another
in their practice of it. Therefore those who preside over the people should
cherish the clearest aims and give the most correct lessons, honouring
the requirement of their humanity by loving the people as their sons ;
then the people will use their utmost efforts with themselves to please
their superiors. It is said in the Book of Poetry (III, iii, ode 2, 2),
" Where from true virtue actions spring, All their obedient homage
bring."
7. The Master said, ' The king's words are (at first) as
threads of silk ; but when given forth, they become as cords. Or they are
(at first) as cords ; but when given forth, they become as ropes. There-
fore the great man does not take the lead in idle speaking. The superior
does not speak words which may be spoken indeed but should not be
embodied in deeds ; nor does he do actions which may be done in deed but
should not be expressed in words. When this is the case, the words of the
people can be carried into action without risk, and their actions can be
spoken of without risk. It is said in the Book of Poetry (III, iii, ode 2,
8),
" Keep on your acts a watchful eye, That you may scrutiny defy."
8. The Master said, ' The superior man leads men on (to good) by his
words, and keeps them (from evil) by (the example of) his conduct. Hence,
in speaking, he must reflect on what may be the end of his words, and
examine whether there may not be
BK. XXX. 3ZE !.
355
some error in his conduct ; and then the
people will be attentive to their words, and circumspect in their
conduct. It is said in the Book of Poetry (III, iii, ode 2, 5),
" Be circumspect in all you say, And reverent bearing still
display." It is said in the Ta Ya (III, i, ode 1, 4), " Deep were Wan's
thoughts, unstained his ways ; His reverence lit its trembling rays."'
9. The Master said,' When the heads of the people use no (improper)
variations in their dress, and their manners are always easy and
unconstrained, and they seek thus to give uniformity to the people, the
virtue of the people does become uniform. It is said in the Book of
Poetry (II, viii, ode 1,1),
" In the old capital they stood,
With yellow fox-furs plain ; Their manners all correct and eood,
Speech free from vulgar stain. Could we go back to Aau's old days,
All would look up to them with praise."
10. The Master said, ' When
(the ruler) above can be known by men looking at him, and (his
ministers) below can have their doings related and remembered, then the
ruler has no occasion to doubt his ministers, and the ministers are not led
astray by their ruler. The Announcement of Yin says (Shu, IV, vi, 3),
"There were I, Yin, and Thang ; both pos- sessed the same pure virtue." It
is said in the Book of Poetry (I, xiv, ode 3, 3),
" In soul so
steadfast is that princely man, Whose course for fault or flaw we vainly
scan."
1 1. The Master said, ' When the holders of states
a a 2
356 THE hi Kt.
BK. XXX.
and
clans give distinction to the righteous and make it painful for the bad,
thus showing the people the excellence (they should cultivate), then the
feelings of the people do not swerve (to what is evil). It is said in
the Book of Poetry (II, vi, ode 3, 5),
" Your duties quietly fulfil,
And hold the upright in esteem, With earnest love." '
12. The
Master said, 'When the highest among men has doubts and perplexities, the
common people go astray. W T hen (the ministers) below him are difficult
to be understood, the toil of the ruler is prolonged. Therefore when the
ruler exhibits clearly what he loves, and thus shows the people the style
of manners (they should aim at), and is watchful against what he
dislikes, and thereby guards the people against the excesses (of which they
are in danger), then they do not go astray.
' When the ministers are
exemplary in their conduct, and do not set a value on (fine) speeches ;
when they do not try to lead (the ruler) to what is unattainable, and do
not trouble him with what cannot be (fully) known, then he is not toiled. It
is said in the Book of Poetry (III, ii, ode 10, 1), " Reversed is now
the providence of God ; The lower people groan beneath their load."
It is said in the Hsiao Ya (II, v, ode 4, 4), "They do not discharge
their duties, But only cause distress to the king. "
1 3. The Master
said, ' When (the measures of) government do not take effect, and the
lessons of the ruler do not accomplish their object, (it is because) the
giving of rank and emoluments is
BK. XXX.
3ze f.
357
unfit to stimulate the people to good, and (the inflic-
tion of) punishments and penalties is unfit to make them ashamed (of
evil). Therefore (the ruler) above must not be careless in punishing, nor
lightly confer rank. It is said in the Announcement to the Prince of
Khang (Shu, V, ix, 8), "Deal reverently and un- derstandingly in your
infliction of punishments;" and in the Punishments of Fu (Shu, V, xxvii,
12), "He spreads abroad his lessons to avert punish- ments.
14.
The Master said, ' When the great ministers are not on terms of friendly
intimacy (with the ruler), and the common people consequently are not
restful, this is because the loyalty (of the ministers) and the respect
(of the ruler) are not sufficient, and the riches and rank conferred (on the
former) are excessive. (The consequence is, that) the great ministers do
not discharge their functions of govern- ment, and the ministers closer (to
the ruler) form parties against them. Therefore the great ministers
should by all means be treated with respect ; they are examples to the
people ; and ministers nearer (to the ruler) should by all means be careful
; — they direct the way of the people. Let not the ruler consult with
inferior officers about greater, nor with those who are from a distance
about those who are near to him, nor with those who are beyond the court
about those who belong to it. If he act thus, the great ministers will not
be dissatisfied ; the ministers closer to him will not be indignant ; and
those who are more remote will not be kept in obscurity. The duke of
Sheh in his dying charge said, "Do not by little counsels ruin great enter-
prises ; do not for the sake of a favourite concubine
358
the l! Kl.
bk. xxx.
provoke queen A'wang ; do
not for the sake of a favourite officer provoke your grave officers, — the
Great officers or high ministers 1 .'"
15. The Master said, ' If the
great man be not in affectionate sympathy with (his officers) whom he
considers worthy, but give his confidence to others whom he despises,
the people in consequence will not feel attached to him, and the lessons
which he gives them will be troublesome (and ineffective). It is said in
the Book of Poetry (II, ii, ode 8),
" As if I were hidden they sought me
at first, At court for a pattern to shine ; 'Tis with hatred intense
they now bend their scowls, And my services curtly decline."
It
is said in the Aun-v£/*an (Shu, V, xxiv, 4), " While they have not seen a
sage, (they are full of desire) as if they could not get a sight of him ;
but after they have seen him, they are still unable to follow him." '
16. The Master said, ' A small man is drowned in the water ; a
superior man is drowned or ruined by his mouth ; the great man suffers his
ruin from the people ; — all suffer from what they have played and taken
liberties with. Water is near to men, and yet it drowns them. Its nature
makes it easy to play with, but dangerous to approach ; — men are easily
drowned in it. The mouth is loquacious and
1 This is an error. The dying
counsels referred to were not given by any duke of Sheh (a dependency of
K/iu), but by'Wan-fu, duke of 3ai, to king Mu of Kin. They are found with
some slight alterations in the Apocryphal Books of Kin (jg& Jj|j f|f),
Book VIII, article 1. Confucius would not have fallen into such a
mistake.
BK. XXX.
3ze f. 359
troublesome ; for words once uttered there is hardly a place
of repentance ; — men are easily ruined by it. The people, restricted in
their humanity, have vulgar and rude minds ; they should be respected, and
should not be treated with contempt; — men are easily ruined by them.
Therefore the superior man should by all means be careful in his dealings
with them. It is said in the Thai TTia (Shu, III, v, sect. i, 5, 7), "
Do not frustrate the charge to me, and bring on yourself your own overthrow.
Be like the forester, who, when he has adjusted the string, goes to
examine the end of the arrow, whether it be placed according to rule, and
then lets go." It is said in the Charge to Ytieh (III, viii, sect. 2, 4),
"It is the mouth which gives occasion to shame ; they are the coat of
mail and helmet which give occasion to war. The upper robes and lower
garments (for reward) should not be taken (lightly from) their chests;
before spear and shield are used, one should examine himself." It is
said in the Thai K\k (Shu, III, v, sect. 2, 3), " Calamities sent by Heaven
may be avoided ; but from those brought on by one's self there is no
escape." It is said in the Announcement of Yin (Shu, III, v, sect. 1,
3), "I have seen it myself in Hsia with its western capital, thatwhen its
sovereigns went through a prosperous course to the end, their ministers
also did the same."
1 7. The Master said, ' To the people the ruler is
as their heart ; to the ruler the people are as his body. When the heart
is composed, the body is at ease ; when the heart is reverent, the body is
re- spectful ; when the heart loves anything, the body is sure to rest
in it. (So), when the ruler loves anything, the people are sure to desire
it. The
360 the l! k1. BK. XXX.
body is the complement
of the heart, and a wound in it makes the heart also suffer. So the ruler is
preserved by the people, and perishes also through the people. It is
said in an ode,
"Once we had that former premier, His words were
wise and pure ; The states and clans by him were at rest, The chief
cities and towns by him were well
regulated, All the people by him
enjoyed their life. Who (now) holds the ordering of the kingdom ? Not
himself attending to the government, The issue is toil and pain to the
people 1 ."
It is said in the Alm-ya (Shu, V, xxv, 5), " In the heat
and rain of summer days the inferior people may be described as murmuring
and sighing. And so it may be said of them in the great cold of winter."
18. The Master said, ' In the service by an inferior of his
superior, if his personal character be not correct, his words will not be
believed ; and in this case their views will not be the same, and the
conduct (of the superior) will not correspond (to the advice given to
him) 2 .'
19. The Master said, 'Words should be capable of proof by
instances, and conduct should be conformed to rule ; when the case is so, a
man's aim cannot be taken from him while he is alive, nor can his good
name be taken away when he is dead. Therefore the superior man, having
heard much, verifies it by
1 This is from an ode not in the
Shih, and only preserved, so far, here. The three concluding lines, however,
are also found in the Shih, II, iv, ode 7, 6.
2 The meaning of this
latter part is matter of dispute.
BK. XXX.
3ze I
361
inquiry, and firmly holds fast (what is proved) ; he
remembers much, verifies it by inquiry, and makes it his own ; when he
knows it exactly, he carries the substance of it into practice. It is said
in the A"un- /£/*an (Shu, V, xxi, 5), " Going out and coming in, seek
the judgment of the people about things, till you find a general agreement
upon them." It is said in the Book of Poetry (I, xiv, ode 3, 1),
"
The virtuous man, the princely one, Is uniformly correct in his deportment."
20. The Master said, ' It is only the superior man who can love what
is correct, while to the small man what is correct is as poison. Therefore
the friends of the superior man have the definite aims which they
pursue, and the definite courses which they hate. In consequence, those who
are near at hand have no perplexities of thought about him, and those
who are far off, no doubts. It is said in the Book of Poetry (I, i, ode 1,
1),
" For our prince a good mate."
21. The Master said, 'When a
man on light grounds breaks off his friendship with the poor and mean,
and only on great grounds with the rich and noble, his love of worth cannot
be great, nor does his hatred of evil clearly appear. Though men may say
that he is not influenced by (the love of) gain, I do not believe them. It
is said in the Book of Poetry (III, ii, ode 3, 4),
" And all the
friends assisting you Behave with reverent mien."'
22. The Master
said, 'The superior man will not voluntarily remain to share in private acts
of kind-
^ n
362 THE LI JET. BK. XXX.
ness not offered on grounds of virtue. In the Book of Poetry it is
said (II, i, ode 1, 1),
" They love me, and my mind will teach How
duty's highest aim to reach."
23. The Master said, 'If there be a
carriage (before you), you are sure (by-and-by) to see the cross-board
(in front) ; if there be a garment, you are sure (in the same way) to see
(the traces of) its being worn ; if one speaks, you are sure to hear his
voice ; if one does anything, you are sure to see the result. It is said in
the Book of Poetry (I, i, ode 2, 2),
" I will wear them without
being weary of them."
24. The Master said, ' When one says anything,
and immediately proceeds to act it out, his words cannot embellish it ;
and when one does anything, and immediately proceeds to describe it, the
action cannot be embellished. Hence the superior man saying little, and
acting to prove the sincerity of his words, the people cannot make the
excellence of their deeds greater than it is, nor diminish the amount of
their badness 1 . It is said in the Book of Poetry (III, iii, ode 2, 5),
" A flaw in mace of white jade may By patient toil be ground away ;
But for a flaw we make in speech, What can be done ? 'Tis past our
reach."
1 The excellence and the badness would seem, in the text, to
belong to the conduct of the superior man ; but to predicate badness of
him would be too daring. To justify the view which appears in my
translation, the JC/zien-lung editors, in their expansion of the meaning,
after ' the people,' interpolate ' who come under the trans- forming
influence of his example.'
BK. XXX. 3ZE f. 363
It is
said in the Hsiao Ya (II, iii, ode 5, 8), " Well does our lord become his
place, And high the deeds his reign have crowned." It is said to the
Prince Shih (Shu, V, xvi, 11), "Aforetime, when God beheld the virtue of
king Wan in the fields of A"au, he made the great decree light on his
person."
25. The Master said, ' The people of the south have a
saying that "A man without constancy cannot be a diviner either with the
tortoise-shell or the stalks." This was probably a saying handed down
from antiquity. If such a man cannot know the tortoise-shell and stalks,
how much less can he know other men 1 ? It is said in the Book of Poetry
(II, v, ode 1, 3),
" Our tortoise-shells are wearied out, And
will not tell us anything about the plans." The Charge to Yiieh says (Shu,
IV, viii, sect. 2,5,11), " Dignities should not be conferred on men of evil
practices. (If they be), how can the people set themselves to correct
their ways ? If this be sought merely by sacrifices, it will be
disrespectful (to the spirits). When affairs come to be troublesome,
there ensues disorder ; when the spirits are served so, difficulties
ensue 2 ."
' It is said in the Yf, "When one does not conti-
1 I cannot make anything but this of this sentence, though
Khung Ying-ta takes it differently. The whole paragraph is evidently
very corrupt, and even the jOien-lung editors have put forth all their
strength upon it in vain.
2 We have here a quotation from the Shu, IV,
viii, sect. 2 ; but it is very different from the textus receptus. All the
commen- tators and critics are at fault upon it; see vol. iii, pp. 115, 116.
364 THE LI Kl.
BK. XXX.
nuously
maintain his virtue, some will impute it to him as a disgrace * ; — (in the
position indicated in the Hexagram.) When one does maintain his virtue
continuously (in the other position indicated), this will be fortunate
in a wife, but in a husband evil."
1 See the symbolism of the
3rd and 5th lines of the Hang or 32nd Hexagram, vol. xvi, pp. 125-128.
BOOK XXXI. PAN SANG
OR RULES ON HURRYING TO MOURNING
RITES 1 .
i. According to the rules for hurrying to attend the
mourning rites, when one first heard that the mourning rites for a relative
were going on, he wailed as he answered the messenger 2 , and gave full
vent to his sorrow. Having asked all the particulars, he wailed again,
with a similar burst of grief, and immediately arranged to go (to the
place). He went ioo li a day, not travelling in the night.
2. Only
when the rites were those for a father or a mother did he travel while he
could yet see the stars, and rested when he (again) saw them 3 . If it was
impossible for him to go (at once) 4 , he assumed the mourning dress,
and then went (as soon as he could). When he had passed through the state
(where he was), and reached its frontier, he stopped and wailed, giving
full vent to his sorrow. He avoided wailing in the market-place and when
near the court. He looked towards the frontier of his own state when he
wailed.
, 1 See the introductory notice, vol. xxvii, pp. 46,
47.
2 The mourner is absent from his state, and a messenger has been
sent to tell him of the death. The relative, it is argued, may have been any
one within the ' five degrees ' of consanguinity.
3 That is, from peep
of dawn till the stars came out again after sunset.
4 Being
restrained by the duties of the commission, with which he was charged by the
ruler.
366 THE LI k\. BK. xxxi.
3. When he came to the
house, he entered the gate at the left side of it, (passed through the
court), and ascended to the hall by the steps on the west. He knelt on
the east of the coffin, with his face to the west, and wailed, giving full
vent to his grief. He (then) tied up his hair in a knot, bared his arms,
and went down from the hall, proceeding to his place on the east, where
he wailed towards the west. Having completed the leaping, he covered his
arms and put on his sash of sackcloth in the corridor on the east ; and
after tucking up the ends of his sash, he returned to his place. He bowed to
the visitors, leaping with them, and escorted them (to the gate),
returning (afterwards) to his place. When other visitors arrived, he
bowed to them, leaped with them, and escorted them ; — all in the same way.
4. (After this), all the principal mourners 1 , with their cousins,
went out at the gate, stopping there while they wailed. The gate was then
closed, and the director told them to go to the mourning shed 2 .
5. At the next wailing, the day after, they tied up their hair,
bared their arms, and went through the leaping. At the third wailing next
day, they again tied up their hair, bared their arms, and went through
the leaping. On these three days, the finishing the mourning dress,
bowing to and escorting the visitors, took place as in the first case.
6. If he who has hurried to be present at the
1 This
seems to mean ' all the sons of the departed.' Of course there was really
but one ' chief or host-man,' as in par. 6. 2 This takes us by surprise. Did
all go to the shed? Were there many sheds?
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