Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri 4
Hunting 530
Throwing buffalo in a park 532
Approaching buffalo 534
Deer hunting 536
Elk hunting 537
Grizzly bears 537
Beaver 538
Wolves and foxes 538
Instruction in hunting 542
Fishing 544
War 544
Costume of a warrior 553
Weapons 555
Dancing and amusements 556
Scalp dance 557
Brave’s dance 558
Fox dance 561
Duck dance 562
Bulls’ dance 562
Soldiers’ dance 562
White crane dance 563
Crow dance 564
Dance of the mice comrades 564
Whip dance 564
God-seeking dance 564
Women’s dance 564
Games 565
Racing 566
Gambling 567
Death and its consequences 570
Orphans and the aged 576
Lodges 577
Canoes 579
Mental and ethical advancement 579
Medicine; drugs 581
Food 581
Garments; dresses 584
Ornaments 590
Paints and dyes 591
Tattooing 592
Badges of office 592
Beard 593
Intellectual capacity and character 593
Picture writing 603
Myth telling 607
Fables 609
Songs; music 617
Present condition and future prospects 620
Intermarriage with whites 625
Population 625
Language 625
Bibliography 627
Index 629
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
Page
62. Fort Union as it appeared in 1833 394
63. Edwin Thompson Denig and Mrs. Denig 394
64. Drawings by an Assiniboin Indian 414
65. Culinary utensils 414
66. Characteristic implements of the Assiniboin 414
67. _a_, Comb root; _b_, Cat-tail 414
68. The calumet and its accompaniments 446
69. A buffalo park or “surround” 532
70. An Assiniboin running a buffalo 532
71. Scalp dance 558
72. Coo-soo´, or game of the bowl 558
73. The Chun-kan-dee´ game 578
74. A lodge frame and a completed lodge 578
75. The interior of a lodge and its surroundings 578
76. An Assiniboin stabbing a Blackfoot 578
77. Map of region above Fort Union 606
78. Diagram of a battle field 606
79. Diagram of a battle field 606
80. Musical instruments 606
TEXT FIGURES
30. Lancet 426
31. Diagram of a council lodge 437
32. Cradle board 519
33. Tool for fleshing the hide 540
34. Tool for scraping hides or shaving the skin 541
35. Picture writing 603
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To His Excellency ISAAC I. STEVENS,
_Governor of Washington Territory_.
SIR: Being stimulated with a desire to meet your wishes and forward the
views of Government, I have in the following pages endeavored to answer
the Inquiries published by act of Congress regarding the history,
present condition, and future prospects of the Indian tribes with which
I am acquainted.
Had I been called upon to illustrate the facts herein recorded by
reference to their different individual histories and actions, a more
voluminous and perhaps interesting work might have been presented the
general reader, but in conformity to the instructions laid down in
the document referred to, have only replied to the various queries,
limiting the answers to plain statements of facts.
Independent of my own personal observation and knowledge acquired by
a constant residence of 21 years among the prairie tribes in every
situation, I have on all occasions had the advice of intelligent
Indians as to the least important of these queries, so as to avoid,
if possible, the introduction of error. Should there be new ideas
presented, and the organization, customs, or present condition of
the Indians made public in the following manuscript differ either
materially or immaterially from any other now extant I would beg leave
to say I would much rather have the same rejected than to see it
published in a mutilated form or made to coincide with any histories
of the same people from others who have not had like opportunities of
acquiring information.
Some of their customs and opinions now presented, although very plain
and common to us who are in their daily observance, may not have been
rendered in comprehensible language to those who are stranger to these
things, and the number of queries, the diversity of subjects, etc.,
have necessarily curtailed each answer to as few words as possible.
In the event, therefore, of not being understood or of apparent
discrepancies presenting, it would be but justice done the author and
patron to have the same explained, which would be cheerfully done.
It is presumed the following pages exhibit a minutiæ of information
on those subjects not to be obtained either by transient visitors or
a residence of a few years in the country, without being, as is the
case with myself, intimately acquainted with their camp regulations,
understanding their language, and in many instances entering into their
feelings and actions. The whole has been well digested, the different
subjects pursued in company with the Indians for an entire year, until
satisfactory answers have been obtained, and their motives of speech
or action well understood before placing the same as a guide and
instruction to others. The answers refer to the Sioux, Arikara, Mandan,
Gros Ventres, Cree, Crow, Assiniboin, and Blackfeet Nations, who are
designated as prairie roving or wild tribes, further than whom our knowledge does not extend.
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