|
SILVER (Plate VI, 4 and Ag below).
Silver presents us with
only two new bodies, and even these are only new by
slight additions to old
models. The triangular shaped body at the apex of
the funnel, containing 21
atoms, is intermediate between the similar bodies
in copper and iron. As a
proto-element it becomes three triangles, joined
at their apices, in fact a
tetrahedron in which no atoms are distributed on
the fourth face. The faces
separate on the meta level and give three
seven-atomed figures, and each of
these breaks up into two triplets and a
unit. The central globe only differs
from that of bromine by the addition
of one atom, which gives the familiar
four-sided pyramid with a square base
as in chlorine (see p. 46).
GOLD
(Plate VII and Au below).
[Illustration]
The disintegration of
gold first yields forty-seven bodies on the
proto-level; the twenty-four
funnels separate, and the central globes which
hold each twelve together set
free their six contained globes (_c_, _d_),
thirty bodies being thus
liberated. The sixteen bodies on the central
inclined planes, marked _b_,
break away, their central globe, with its four
contained globes, remaining
unchanged. But this condition does not last.
The motion of the funnels
changes and thus the funnels cease to exist and
their contents are set free,
each funnel thus liberating nine independent
bodies; the sixteen _b_ separate
into two each; the four _a_ liberate five
each; the two _c_ set free thirteen
each; the four _d_ finally liberate two
each: 302 proto elements in
all.
The funnel is almost that of iodine, re-arranged. Four of the first
ring in
the iodine funnel are replaced by the triangular body, which becomes
a
four-sided pyramid with an occupied base. The second ring of three
ovoids
in iodine becomes four in gold, but the internal arrangement of each
ovoid
is the same. The next two spheres in the iodine funnel coalesce into
one
sphere, with similar contents, in the gold funnel. The fifth in iodine
is
slightly rearranged to form the fourth in descent in gold, and
the
remaining two are the same. _B_ has been broken up under occultum (p.
628)
and can be followed there. The sixteen rings set free from the four
_a_,
after gyrating round the central body, now become a sphere, break up, as
in
occultum (see p. 44) into a meta seven-atomed ring and an
eight-atomed
double cross, and so on to the hyper level. The sphere with its
two
contained bodies breaks up into eight triangles on the meta level, and
each
of these, on the hyper, into a duad and a unit. The twelve septets of
_c_
assume the form of prisms as in iodine (see p. 48) and pursue the
same
course, while its central body, a four-sided pyramid with its
six
attendants, divides on the meta level into six duads, revolving round
a
ring with a central atom as in chlorine (p. 47), the duads going
off
independently on the hyper-level and the ring breaking up as in
chlorine.
The "cigar" tetrahedron of _d_ follows its course as in occultum,
and the
other sets free two quartets and two triplets on the meta level,
yielding
six duads and two units as hyper compounds. It will be seen that,
complex
as gold is, it is composed of constituents already familiar, and has
iodine
and occultum as its nearest allies.
II AND IIa.--THE
TETRAHEDRAL GROUPS.
II.--This group consists of beryllium (glucinum),
calcium, strontium and
barium, all diatomic, paramagnetic and positive. The
corresponding group
consists of oxygen, chromium, molybdenum, wolfram
(tungsten) and uranium,
with a blank disk between wolfram and uranium: these
are diatomic,
paramagnetic, and negative. We have not examined barium,
wolfram, or
uranium.
[Illustration: PLATE VIII.]
BERYLLIUM
(Plate III, 2, and Plate VIII, 1). In the tetrahedron four
funnels are found,
the mouth of each funnel opening on one of its faces.
The funnels radiate
from a central globe, and each funnel contains four
ovoids each with ten
atoms within it arranged in three spheres. In the
accompanying diagrams one
funnel with its four ovoids is shown and a single
ovoid with its three
spheres, containing severally three, four, and three
atoms, is seen at the
left-hand corner of the plate (7 _a_). The members of
this group are alike in
arrangement, differing only in the increased
complexity of the bodies
contained in the funnels. Beryllium, it will be
observed, is very simple,
whereas calcium and strontium are complicated.
BERYLLIUM: 4 funnels of 40
atoms 160
Central
globe 4
----
Total 164
----
Atomic
weight 9.01
Number
weight 164/18 9.11
CALCIUM (Plate VIII, 2) shows in each funnel
three contained spheres, of
which the central one has within it seven ovoids
identical with those of
beryllium, and the spheres above and below it contain
each five ovoids (7
_b_) in which the three contained spheres have,
respectively, two, five,
and two atoms. The central globe is double, globe
within globe, and is
divided into eight segments, radiating from the centre
like an orange; the
internal part of the segment belonging to the inner globe
has a triangular
body within it, containing four atoms (7 _c_), and the
external part,
belonging to the encircling globe, shows the familiar "cigar"
(7 _d_). In
this way 720 atoms are packed into the simple beryllium
type.
CALCIUM: 4 funnels of 160 atoms 640
Central
globe 80
----
Total 720
----
Atomic weight 39.74
Number weight
720/18 40.00
STRONTIUM (Plate VIII, 3) shows a still further
complication within the
funnels, no less than eight spheres being found
within each. Each of the
highest pair contains four subsidiary spheres, with
five, seven, seven,
five atoms, respectively (7 _e_, _g_, _f_). The _g_
groups are identical
with those in gold, but difference of pressure makes the
containing body
spherical instead of ovoid; similar groups are seen in the
top ring of the
iodine funnel, where also the "hole" is ovoid in form. The
second pair of
spheres contains ten ovoids (7 _b_) identical with those of
calcium. The
third pair contains fourteen ovoids (7 _a_) identical with those
of
beryllium, while the fourth pair repeats the second, with the
ovoids
re-arranged. The internal divisions of the double sphere of the
central
globe are the same as in calcium, but the contents differ. The
"cigars" in
the external segments are replaced by seven-atomed ovoids (7
_h_)--the
iodine ovoids--and the external segments contain five-atomed
triangles (7
_i_). Thus 1,568 atoms have been packed into the beryllium type,
and our
wonder is again aroused by the ingenuity with which a type is
preserved
while it is adapted to new conditions.
STRONTIUM: 4 funnels
of 368 atoms 1472
Central
globe 96
----
Total
1568
----
Atomic
weight 86.95
Number weight 1568/18
87.11
The corresponding group, headed by oxygen--oxygen, chromium,
molybdenum,
wolfram and uranium--offers us another problem in its first
member.
OXYGEN (Plate VIII, 4). This was examined by us in 1895, and
the
description may be reproduced here with a much improved diagram of its
very
peculiar constitution. The gaseous atom is an ovoid body, within which
a
spirally-coiled snake-like body revolves at a high velocity, five
brilliant
points of light shining on the coils. The appearance given in the
former
diagram will be obtained by placing the five septets on one side on
the top
of those on the other, so that the ten become in appearance five, and
thus
doubling the whole, the doubling point leaving eleven duads on each
side.
The composition is, however, much better seen by flattening out the
whole.
On the proto level the two snakes separate and are clearly
seen.
OXYGEN: Positive snake
{ 55 spheres of 2 atoms
}
{ + 5 disks of 7 atoms } 145
Negative snake
"
145
----
Total 290
----
Atomic
weight 15.87
Number weight 290/18
16.11
CHROMIUM (Plate VIII, 5) "reverts to the ancestral type," the
tetrahedron;
the funnel is widened by the arrangement of its contents, three
spheres
forming its first ring, as compared with the units in beryllium
and
calcium, and the pairs in strontium and molybdenum. Two of these
spheres
are identical in their contents--two quintets (7 _f_), a quintet (7
_j_),
and two quintets (7 _e_), _e_ and _f_ being to each other as object
and
image. The remaining sphere (7 _b_) is identical with the highest in
the
calcium funnel. The remaining two spheres, one below the other,
are
identical with the corresponding two spheres in calcium. The central
globe,
as regards its external segments, is again identical with that of
calcium,
but in the internal segments a six-atomed triangle (7 _k_) is
substituted
for the calcium four-atomed one (7 _e_).
CHROMIUM: 4
funnels of 210 atoms 840
Central
globe 96
-----
Total 936
-----
Atomic
weight 51.74
Number weight
936/18 52.00
MOLYBDENUM (Plate VIII, 6) very closely resembles
strontium, differing from
it only in the composition of the highest pair of
spheres in the funnels
and in the presence of a little sphere, containing two
atoms only, in the
middle of the central globe. The topmost spheres contain
no less than eight
subsidiary spheres within each; the highest of these (7
_e_) has four atoms
in it; the next three have four, seven and four (7 _e_
_g_ _e_),
respectively; the next three are all septets (7 _g_), and the last
has
four--making in all for these two spheres 88 atoms, as against the 48
in
corresponding spheres of strontium, making a difference of 160 in the
four
funnels.
MOLYBDENUM: 4 funnels of 408 atoms
1632
Central
globe 98
-----
Total 1730
-----
Atomic
weight 95.26
Number weight 1730/18 96.11
II
a.--This group contains magnesium, zinc, cadmium, and mercury, with an
empty
disk between cadmium and mercury; we did not examine mercury. All
are
diatomic, diamagnetic and positive; the corresponding group consists
of
sulphur, selenium and tellurium, also all diatomic and diamagnetic,
but
negative. The same characteristics of four funnels opening on the faces
of
a tetrahedron are found in all, but magnesium and sulphur have no
central
globe, and in cadmium and tellurium the globe has become a
cross.
[Illustration: PLATE IX.]
MAGNESIUM (Plate IX, 1)
introduces us to a new arrangement: each group of
three ovoids forms a ring,
and the three rings are within a funnel; at
first glance, there are three
bodies in the funnel; on examination each of
these is seen to consist of
three, with other bodies, spheres, again within
them. Apart from this, the
composition is simple enough, all the ovoids
being alike, and composed of a
triplet, a septet and a duad.
MAGNESIUM: 4 funnels of 108 atoms
432
Atomic weight 24.18
Number weight
432/18 24.00
ZINC (Plate IX, 2) also brings a new device: the funnel is
of the same type
as that of magnesium, while septets are substituted for the
triplets, and
36 additional atoms are thus slipped in. Then we see four
spikes,
alternating with the funnels and pointing to the angles, each adding
144
atoms to the total. The spikes show the ten-atomed triangle, already
met
with in other metals, three very regular pillars, each with six
spheres,
containing two, three, four, four, three, two atoms, respectively.
The
supporting spheres are on the model of the central globe, but contain
more
atoms. Funnels and spikes alike radiate from a simple central globe,
in
which five contained spheres are arranged crosswise, preparing for
the
fully developed cross of cadmium. The ends of the cross touch the
bottoms
of the funnels.
ZINC: 4 funnels of 144
atoms 576
4 spikes of 144 atoms 576
Central
globe 18
-----
Total 1170
-----
Atomic weight 64.91
Number weight
1170/18 65.00
CADMIUM (Plate IX, 3) has an increased complexity of
funnels; the diagram
shows one of the three similar segments which lie within
the funnels as
cylinders; each of these contains four spheres, three pillars
and three
ovoids, like the spike of zinc turned upside down, and the zinc
ten-atomed
triangle changed into three ten-atomed ovoids. The centre-piece is
a new
form, though prefigured in the central globe of
zinc.
CADMIUM: 3 segments of 164 atoms = 492
4 funnels of
492 atoms 1968
Central
body 48
-----
Total 2016
-----
Atomic weight 111.60
Number
weight 2016/18 112.00
The corresponding negative group is headed
by
[Illustration: PLATE X.]
SULPHUR (Plate X, 1), which, like
magnesium, has no central globe, and
consists simply of the zinc funnels,
much less compressed than zinc but the
same in composition.
SULPHUR: 4
funnels of 144 atoms 576
Atomic
weight 31.82
Number weight 576/18
32.00
SELENIUM (Plate X, 2) is distinguished by the exquisite
peculiarity,
already noticed, of a quivering star, floating across the mouth
of each
funnel, and dancing violently when a ray of light falls upon it. It
is
known that the conductivity of selenium varies with the intensity of
the
light falling upon it, and it may be that the star is in some way
connected
with its conductivity. It will be seen that the star is a very
complicated
body, and in each of its six points the two five-atomed spheres
revolve
round the seven-atomed cone. The bodies in the funnels resemble those
in
magnesium, but a reversed image of the top one is interposed between
itself
and the small duad, and each pair has its own enclosure. The central
globe
is the same as that of zinc.
SELENIUM: 4 funnels of 198
atoms 792
4 stars of 153 atoms 612
Central
globe 18
-----
Total 1422
-----
Atomic
weight 78.58
Number weight 1422/18 79.00
TELLURIUM
(Plate X, 3), it will be seen, closely resembles cadmium, and has
three
cylindrical segments--of which one is figured--making up the funnel.
The
contained bodies in the pillars run three, four, five, four, three,
two,
instead of starting with two; and a quartet replaces a duad in the
globes
above. The central cross only differs from that of cadmium in having
a
seven-atomed instead of a four-atomed centre. So close a similarity
is
striking.
TELLURIUM: 3 segments of 181 atoms = 543
4
funnels of 543 atoms 2172
Central
body 51
-----
Total 2223
-----
Atomic weight 126.64
Number weight 2223/18
123.50
* * * * *
V.
We must now
consider the ways in which the members of the tetrahedral
groups break up,
and as we proceed with this study we shall find how
continual are the
repetitions, and how Nature, with a limited number of
fundamental methods,
creates by varied combinations her infinite variety
of
forms.
BERYLLIUM (Plate III, 2, and VIII,
1).
[Illustration]
Beryllium offers us four similar funnels and a
central globe, and the
proto-elements consist of these five bodies, set free.
The funnel, released
from pressure, assumes a spherical form, with its four
ovoids spinning
within it, and the central globe remains a sphere, containing
a whirling
cross. On the meta level, the ovoids are set free, and two from
each funnel
are seen to be positive, two negative--sixteen bodies in all,
_plus_ the
cross, in which the resultant force-lines are changed, preparatory
to its
breaking into two duads on the hyper level. On that level, the
decades
disintegrate into two triplets and a quartet, the positive with
the
depressions inward, the negative with the depressions
outward.
CALCIUM (Plate VIII, 2).
The funnels, as usual, assume a
spherical form on the proto level, and
show, in each case, three spheres
containing ovoids. These spheres, still
on the proto level, break free from
their containing funnel, as in the case
of gold (p. 49), twelve bodies being
thus liberated, while the central
globe breaks up into eight segments, each
of which becomes globular, and
contains within it a "cigar" and a somewhat
heart-shaped body. Four
spheres, each containing seven ten-atomed ovoids, are
identical with those
in beryllium, and can be followed in its diagram. Eight
spheres, each
containing five nine-atomed ovoids of a different type, set
free, on the
meta level, eighty duads--forty positive and forty negative--and
forty
quintets, which are identical with those in chlorine. On the hyper
level,
the duads become single atoms, within a sphere, and the central atom
from
the quintet is also set free, one hundred and twenty in all. The
remaining
four atoms of the quintet divide into two duads.
The central
globe, dividing into eight, becomes eight six-atomed spheres on
the meta, the
"cigar" behaving as usual, four "cigars" being positive and
four negative,
and becoming dissociated into triplets; the four atoms
within the
heart-shaped body appear as a tetrahedron, remain together on
the meta level,
and break up into duads on the hyper.
STRONTIUM (PLATE VIII,
3).
The third member of this group repeats the _a_ groups of beryllium
and the
_b_ groups of calcium, and they dissociate into the bodies
already
described under these respectively. The two upper globes in each
funnel
repeat each other, but each globe contains four smaller spheres
showing
three varieties of forms. The two marked _g_, which are repeated in
the
central globe as _h_, are seven-atomed, and appear as spheres or
ovoids
according to pressure. They are figured on p. 48, under iodine; _e_
and _f_
are related as object and image, and we have already seen them in
copper
(pp. 38 and 48); in each case, as in copper, they unite into a
ten-atomed
figure; on the meta level the pair of fours form a ring, and the
remaining
two atoms form a duad; _i_, which repeats _f_, makes a ring with
the fifth
in the centre, as in the five-atomed _b_ of calcium, as shown
above. There
is, thus, nothing new in strontium, but only repetitions of
forms already
studied.
OXYGEN (PLATE VIII,
4).
[Illustration]
The disintegration of oxygen as given in 1895
may be repeated here, and the
better presentation given on p. 54 renders it
easier to follow the process.
On the proto level the two "snakes" divide; the
brilliant disks are
seven-atomed, but are differently arranged, the positive
snake having the
atoms arranged as in the iodine ovoids, whereas the negative
snake has them
arranged as in a capital H. The snakes show the same
extraordinary activity
on the proto level as on the gaseous, twisting and
writhing, darting and
coiling. The body of the snake is of two-atomed beads,
positive and
negative. On the meta level the snakes break into ten fragments,
each
consisting of a disk, with six beads on one side and five on the
other,
remaining as lively as the original snake. They shiver into
their
constituent disks, and beads on the hyper level, there yielding the
ten
disks, five positive and five negative, and the 110 beads,
fifty-five
positive and fifty-five negative.
CHROMIUM (PLATE VIII,
5).
When we go on to chromium and molybdenum, we return to our familiar
funnels
and central globes, and the secondary spheres within the
funnels--quickly
set free, as before, on the proto level--give us no new
combinations in
their contained spheres and ovoids. The _a_ of beryllium, the
_b_ of
calcium and strontium, and _d_ of calcium, the _e_ and _f_ of
strontium,
are all there; _j_ in chromium is the same as the central sphere
in the _b_
ovoid. In the central globe, _k_, is a pair of triangles as in
hydrogen,
consisting of only six atoms, which on the meta level revolve round
each
other, and break up into two duads and two units on the
hyper.
MOLYBDENUM (PLATE VIII, 6).
Molybdenum presents us with
only two new forms, and these are merely
four-atomed tetrahedra, occurring in
pairs as object and image. All the
other bodies have already been
analysed.
II a.--We come now to the second great tetrahedral group, which
though very
much complicated, is yet, for the most part, a repetition of
familiar
forms.
MAGNESIUM (PLATE IX,
1).
[Illustration]
We are still among tetrahedra, so have to do
with four funnels, but each
funnel contains three rings, and each ring three
ovoids; on the proto level
a triple dissociation takes place, for the funnels
let free the rings as
large spheres, in each of which rotate three
twelve-atomed ovoids, and then
the ovoids break loose from the spheres, and
themselves become spherical,
so that we have finally thirty-six proto
compounds from the tetrahedron. On
the meta level the contained bodies, a
triplet, Mg _a_, a septet, Mg _b_,
and a duad, Mg _c_, are set free from each
globe, thus yielding one hundred
and eight meta compounds. On the hyper level
the triplet becomes a duad and
a unit; the duad becomes two units; and the
septet a triplet and a quartet.
ZINC (PLATE IX, 2).
We can leave
aside the funnel, for the only difference between it and the
magnesium funnel
is the substitution of a second septet for the triplet,
and the septet is
already shown in the magnesium diagram. We have,
therefore, only to consider
the spikes, pointing to the angles of the
enclosing tetrahedron, and the
central globe. These are set free on the
proto level and the spikes
immediately release their contents, yielding
thus thirty-two separate
bodies.
The triangular arrangement at the top of the spike is the same as
occurs in
copper (_b_ on p. 48), and can be there followed. One of the three
similar
pillars is shown in the accompanying diagram under Zn a. The
compressed
long oval becomes a globe, with six bodies revolving within it in
a rather
peculiar way: the quartets turn round each other in the middle;
the
triplets revolve round them in a slanting ellipse; the duads do the same
on
an ellipse slanting at an angle with the first, somewhat as in gold
(_a_
and _b_, p. 40). The spheres within the globes at the base of the
spikes,
Zn _b_, behave as a cross--the cross is a favourite device in the II
_a_
groups. Finally, the central globe, Zn _c_, follows the same cruciform
line
of disintegration.
CADMIUM (Plate IX,
3).
[Illustration]
Cadmium follows very closely on the lines of
zinc; the pillars of the zinc
spike are reproduced in the rings of the
cadmium funnel; the globes are
also the globes of cadmium; so neither of
these needs attention. We have
only to consider the three ten-atomed ovoids,
which are substituted for the
one ten-atomed triangle of zinc, and the
central cross. The ovoids become
spheres (Cd _a_, _b_), the contained bodies
revolving within them, _a_
whirling on a diameter of the sphere, cutting it
in halves, as it were, and
_b_ whirling round it at right angles; the cross
also becomes a sphere (Cd
_c_), but the cruciform type is maintained within
it by the relative
positions of the contained spheres in their revolution.
The subsequent
stages are shown in the diagram.
SULPHUR (Plate XI,
1).
Sulphur has nothing new, but shows only the funnels already figured
in
magnesium, with the substitution of a second septet for the triplet, as
in
zinc.
SELENIUM (Plate X, 2).
[Illustration]
The
funnel of selenium is a re-arrangement of the twelve-atomed ovoids
of
magnesium and the ten-atomed ovoids of cadmium. The funnels,
on
disintegrating, set free twelve groups, each containing nine spheres.
On
the meta level the ten-atomed bodies are set free, and the
twelve-atomed
divide into duads and decads, thus yielding seventy-two decads
and
thirty-six duads; the duads, however, at once recombine into hexads,
thus
giving only twelve meta elements, or eighty-four in all from the
funnels.
The central globe holds together on the proto level, but yields five
meta
elements. The star also at first remains a unit on the proto level,
and
then shoots off into seven bodies, the centre keeping together, and the
six
points becoming spheres, within which the two cones, base to base, whirl
in
the centre, and the globes circle round them. On the meta level all
the
thirty bodies contained in the star separate from each other, and go
on
their independent ways.
Selenium offers a beautiful example of the
combination of simple elements
into a most exquisite whole.
TELLURIUM
(Plate X, 3).
Tellurium very closely resembles cadmium, and they are,
therefore placed on
the same diagram. The pillars are the same as in chlorine
and its
congeners, with a duad added at the base. The ten-atomed ovoid is the
same
as in cadmium and follows the same course in breaking up. It would
be
interesting to know why this duad remains as a duad in selenium and
breaks
up into a septad and triad in the other members of the group. It may
be due
to the greater pressure to which it is subjected in selenium, or there
may
be some other reason. The cross in tellurium is identical with that
in
cadmium, except that the centre is seven-atomed instead of
four-atomed.
* * * *
*
VI.
III AND IIIa.--THE CUBE GROUPS.
We have here four
groups to consider, all the members of which are triads,
and have six
funnels, opening on the six faces of a cube.
III.--Boron, scandium and
yttrium were examined; they are all triatomic,
paramagnetic, and positive.
The corresponding group consists of nitrogen,
vanadium and niobium; they are
triatomic, paramagnetic, and negative. We
have not examined the remaining
members of these groups. In these two
groups nitrogen dominates, and in order
to make the comparison easy the
nitrogen elements are figured on both Plate
XI and Plate XII. It will be
seen that scandium and yttrium, of the positive
group, differ only in
details from vanadium and niobium, of the negative
group; the ground-plan
on which they are built is the same. We noted a
similar close resemblance
between the positive strontium and the negative
molybdenum.
[Illustration: PLATE XI.]
BORON (Plate III, 4, and
Plate XI, 1). We have here the simplest form of
the cube; the funnels contain
only five bodies--four six-atomed ovoids and
one six-atomed "cigar." The
central globe has but four five-atomed spheres.
It is as simple in relation
to its congeners as is beryllium to its
group-members.
BORON: 6
funnels of 30 atoms 180
Central globe
20
----
Total 200
----
Atomic
weight 10.86
Number weight 200/18 11.11
SCANDIUM (Plate
XI, 2). For the first time we meet funnels of different
types, A and B, three
of each kind; A appear to be positive and B negative,
but this must be stated
with reserve.
In A the boron funnel is reproduced, the "cigar" having
risen above its
companion ovoids; but the most important matter to note in
respect to this
funnel is our introduction to the body marked _a_ 110. This
body was
observed by us first in nitrogen, in 1895, and we gave it the name
of the
"nitrogen balloon," for in nitrogen it takes the balloon form, which
it
also often assumes in other gaseous elements. Here it appears as
a
sphere--the form always assumed on the proto level--and it will be seen,
on
reference to the detailed diagram 4 _a_, to be a complicated
body,
consisting of six fourteen-atomed globes arranged round a long
ovoid
containing spheres with three, four, six, six, four, three,
atoms
respectively. It will be observed that this balloon appears in every
member
of these two groups, except boron.
The B funnel runs largely to
triads, _c_ and _b_, _b_ (see 4 _b_) having
not only a triadic arrangement of
spheres within its contained globes, but
each sphere has also a triplet of
atoms. In _c_ (see 4 _c_) there is a
triadic arrangement of spheres, but each
contains duads. B is completed by
a five-atomed sphere at the top of the
funnel. It should be noted that _a_,
_b_ and _c_ all are constituents of
nitrogen.
The central globe repeats that of boron, with an additional
four-atomed
sphere in the middle.
SCANDIUM: 3 funnels (A) of 140
atoms 420
3 " (B) of 116 " 348
Centre
globe 24
----
Total 792
----
Atomic
weight 43.78
Number weight 792/18
44.00
YTTRIUM (Plate XI, 3). Here we have a quite new arrangement of
bodies
within the funnel--the funnel being of one type only. Two "cigars"
whirl on
their own axes in the centre near the top, while four eight-atomed
globes
(see 4 _e_) chase each other in a circle round them, spinning madly
on
their own axes--this axial spinning seems constant in all
contained
bodies--all the time. Lower down in the funnel, a similar
arrangement is
seen, with a globe (see 4 _d_)--a nitrogen element--replacing
the "cigars,"
and six-atomed ovoids replacing the globes.
The
"nitrogen balloon" occupies the third place in the funnel, now showing
its
usual shape in combination, while the _b_ globe (see 4 _b_) of scandium
takes
on a lengthened form below it.
The central globe presents us with two
tetrahedra, recalling one of the
combinations in gold (see Plate VII _d_),
and differing from that only by
the substitution of two quartets for the two
triplets in gold.
One funnel of yttrium contains exactly the same number
of atoms as is
contained in a gaseous atom of nitrogen. Further, _a_, _b_,
and _d_ are all
nitrogen elements. We put on record these facts, without
trying to draw any
conclusions from them. Some day, we--or others--may find
out their
significance, and trace through them obscure
relations.
YTTRIUM: 6 funnels of 261 atoms 1566
Central
globe 40
----
Total
1606
----
Atomic
weight 88.34
Number weight 1606/18 89.22
The
corresponding negative group, of nitrogen, vanadium and niobium, is
rendered
particularly interesting by the fact that it is headed by
nitrogen,
which--like the air, of which it forms so large a part--pervades
so many of
the bodies we are studying. What is there in nitrogen which
renders it so
inert as to conveniently dilute the fiery oxygen and make it
breathable,
while it is so extraordinarily active in some of its compounds
that it enters
into the most powerful explosives? Some chemist of the
future, perhaps, will
find the secret in the arrangement of its constituent
parts, which we are
able only to describe.
[Illustration: PLATE XII.]
NITROGEN (Plate
XII, 1) does not assume the cubical form of its relatives,
but is in shape
like an egg. Referring again to our 1895 investigations, I
quote from them.
The balloon-shaped body (see 4 _a_) floats in the middle
of the egg,
containing six small spheres in two horizontal rows, and a long
ovoid in the
midst; this balloon-shaped body is positive, and is drawn down
towards the
negative body _b_ (see 4 _b_) with its seven contained spheres,
each of which
has nine atoms within it--three triads. Four spheres are
seen, in addition to
the two larger bodies; two of these (see 4 _d_), each
containing five smaller
globes, are positive, and two (see 4 _c_)
containing four smaller globes, are
negative.
NITROGEN: Balloon
110
Oval 63
2 bodies of 20
atoms 40
2 " " 24 "
48
----
Total
261
----
Atomic
weight 14.01
Number weight
261/18 14.50
VANADIUM (Plate XII, 2) closely follows scandium,
having two types of
funnels. Funnel A only differs from that of scandium by
having a globe (see
4 _d_) inserted in the ring of four ovoids; funnel B has
a six-atomed,
instead of a five-atomed globe at the top, and slips a third
globe
containing twenty atoms (see 4 _d_) between the two identical with
those of
scandium (see 4 _c_). The central globe has seven atoms in its
middle body
instead of four. In this way does vanadium succeed in overtopping
scandium
by 126 atoms.
VANADIUM: 3 funnels (A) of 160
atoms 480
3 " (B) " 137
" 411
Central
globe 27
----
Total
918
----
Atomic
weight 50.84
Number weight
918/18 51.00
NIOBIUM (Plate XII, 3) is as closely related to yttrium
as is vanadium to
scandium. The little globes that scamper round the "cigars"
contain twelve
atoms instead of eight (see 4 _e_).
The rest of the
funnel is the same. In the central globe both the
tetrahedra have "cigars,"
and a central nine-atomed globe spins round in
the centre (see 4 _f_),
seventeen atoms being thus added.
NIOBIUM: 6 funnels of 277
atoms 1662
Central globe
57
----
Total
1719
----
Atomic
weight 93.25
Number weight
1719/18 95.50
III a.--Aluminium, gallium and indium were examined from
this group. They
are triatomic, diamagnetic, and positive. The corresponding
group contains
phosphorus, arsenic and antimony: bismuth also belongs to it,
but was not
examined; they are triatomic, diamagnetic and negative. They have
no
central globes.
[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
ALUMINIUM (Plate
XIII, 1), the head of the group, is, as usual, simple.
There are six similar
funnels, each containing eight ovoids, below which is
a
globe.
ALUMINIUM: 6 funnels of 81 atoms 486
Atomic
weight 26.91
Number weight 486/18
27.00
GALLIUM (Plate XIII, 2) has two segments in every funnel; in the
segment to
the left a "cigar" balances a globe, equally six-atomed, in that
of the
right, and the globes to right and left are four-atomed as
against
three-atomed. In the next row, the smaller contained globes have six
atoms
as against four, and the cones have respectively seven and five. By
these
little additions the left-hand funnel boasts one hundred and twelve
atoms
as against ninety-eight.
GALLIUM: Left segment 112 atoms
}
Right segment 98 " } = 210
6 funnels of 210
atoms 1260
----
Atomic weight 69.50
Number weight 1260/18
70.00
INDIUM (Plate XIII, 3) repeats the segments of gallium exactly, save in
the
substitution of a sixteen-atomed body for the seven-atomed cone of
the
left-hand segment, and a fourteen-atomed body for the
five-atomed
corresponding one in gallium. But each funnel now has three
segments
instead of two; three funnels out of the six contain two segments of
type A
and one of type B; the remaining three contain two of type B, and one
of
type A.
INDIUM: Segment A 121 atoms
Segment B 107
"
3 funnels of 2 A and 1 B ([242 + 107]
3) 1047
3 " " 2 B and 1 A ([214 + 121]
3) 1005
----
Total 2052
----
Atomic
weight 114.05
Number weight
2052/18 114.00
The corresponding negative group,
phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony, run on
very similar lines to those we have
just examined.
[Illustration: PLATE XIV.]
PHOSPHORUS (Plate XIV,
1) offers us a very curious arrangement of atoms,
which will give some new
forms in breaking up. Two segments are in each
funnel, in fact the only two
of group III _a_ which do not show this
arrangement, or a modification
thereof, are aluminium and arsenic.
PHOSPHORUS: Left segment 50
atoms
Right segment 43
"
--
93
6
funnels of 93 atoms 558
Atomic weight
30.77
Number weight 558/18 31.00
ARSENIC (Plate XIV, 2)
resembles aluminium in having eight internal
sub-divisions in a funnel, and
the ovoids which form the top ring are
identical, save for a minute
difference that in aluminium the ovoids stand
the reverse way from those in
arsenic. It will be noted that in the former
the top and bottom triangles of
atoms have the apices upwards, and the
middle one has its apex downwards. In
arsenic, the top and bottom ones
point downwards, and the middle one upwards.
Arsenic inserts sixteen
spheres between the ovoids and globe shown in
aluminium, and thus adds no
less than one hundred and forty-four atoms to
each funnel.
ARSENIC: 6 funnels of 225 atoms 1350
Atomic
weight 74.45
Number weight 1350/18 75.00
ANTIMONY
(Plate XIV, 3) is a close copy of indium, and the arrangement of
types A and
B in the funnels is identical. In the middle rings of both A
and B a triplet
is substituted for a unit at the centre of the larger
globe. In the lowest
body of type A the "cigar" has vanished, and is
represented by a seven-atomed
crystalline form.
ANTIMONY: Segment A 128 atoms
Segment B
113 atoms
3 funnels of 2 A and 1 B ([256 + 113]3) 1107
3
" " 2 B and 1 A ([226 + 128]3)
1056
----
Total 2163
----
Atomic
weight 119.34
Number
weight 120.16
* * *
* *
VII.
BORON (Plate III, 4, and Plate XI,
1).
[Illustration]
The disintegration of boron is very simple: the
funnels are set free and
assume the spherical form, showing a central "cigar"
and four globes each
containing two triplets. The central globe is also set
free with its four
quintets, and breaks at once in two. On the meta level the
"cigar" breaks
up as usual, and the triplets separate. On the hyper level,
the "cigar"
follows its usual course, and the triplets become duads and
units. The
globe forms two quintets on the meta level, and these are resolved
into
triplets and duads.
SCANDIUM (Plate XI, 2).
In funnel A
the "cigar" and the ovoids behave as in boron, but the
"balloon," _a_ 110
(XI, 4), escapes from the funnel as it changes to a
sphere, and holds
together on the proto level; on the meta, it yields six
globes each
containing seven duads, and these are all set free as duads on
the hyper
level; the ovoid is also set free on the meta level becoming a
sphere, and on
the hyper level liberates its contained bodies, as two
triplets, two quartets
and two sextets.
In funnel B there is a quintet, that behaves like those
in the globe of
boron, on escaping from the funnel, in which the bodies
remain on the proto
level, with the exception of _b_ 63, which escapes. On
the meta level, _c_
(Plate XI, 4), _c_ assumes a tetrahedral form with six
atoms at each point,
and these hold together as sextets on the hyper level.
At the meta stage,
_b_ (Plate XI, 4 _b_) sets free seven nine-atomed bodies,
which become free
triplets on the hyper. The central globe shows a cross at
its centre, with
the four quintets whirling round it, on the proto level. On
the meta, the
quintets are set free, and follow the boron type, while the
cross becomes a
quartet on the meta level, and two duads on the
hyper.
YTTRIUM (Plate XI, 3).
[Illustration]
In yttrium, on
the proto level, _a_ 110 and _b_ 63 both escape from the
funnel, and behave
as in scandium. The ovoids and "cigars," set free on the
meta level, behave
as in boron. The central globe breaks up as in gold (pp.
49 and 50), four
quartets being set free instead of two quartets and two
triplets. We have
only to consider _e_ 8 and _d_ 20 (Plate XI, 4). _E_ 8 is
a tetrahedral
arrangement of duads on the meta level, set free as duads on
the hyper. _D_
20 is an arrangement of pairs of duads at the angles of a
square-based
pyramid on the meta, and again free duads on the hyper.
NITROGEN (Plate
XII, 1).
Nitrogen has nothing new to show us, all its constituents having
appeared
in scandium and yttrium.
VANADIUM (Plate XII, 2).
The
A funnel of vanadium repeats the A funnel of scandium, with the
addition of
_d_ 20, already studied. In the B funnel scandium B is
repeated, with an
addition of _d_ 20 and a sextet for a quintet; the sextet
is the _c_ of the
"nitrogen balloon." The central globe follows boron, save
that it has a
septet for its centre; this was figured in iodine (p. 48).
NIOBIUM (Plate
XII, 3).
Niobium only differs from yttrium by the introduction of
triplets for duads
in _e_; on the meta level we have therefore triplets, and
on the hyper each
triplet yields a duad and a unit. The only other difference
is in the
central globe. The tetrahedra separate as usual, but liberate
eight
"cigars" instead of four with four quartets; the central body is
simple,
becoming three triads at the angles of a triangle on the meta level,
and
three duads and three units on the hyper.
ALUMINIUM (Plate XIII,
1).
[Illustration]
The funnels let go the globes, but the eight
ovoids remain within them, so
that seven bodies are let loose on the proto
level. When the ovoids are set
free at the meta stage they become spherical
and a nine-atomed body is
produced, which breaks up into triangles on the
hyper level. The globe
becomes a cross at the meta stage, with one atom from
the duads at each arm
in addition to its own, and these form four duads on
the hyper, and a unit from the centre. |
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